12 biearter forsvunnet fra Norge

Posted on by Beetlebee

Flekkjordbia, Lasioglossum sexmaculatum, ble sist funnet i Norge i Rogaland på 1930-tallet. Foto: Arnstein Staverløkk.

Omfattende kartlegging har økt kunnskapen om bier og humler betraktelig i løpet av de siste 10 årene. Flere arter som tidligere ikke har vært registrert i Norge har kommet med på artskartet. Samtidig har så mange som tolv biearter forsvunnet.

I løpet av de siste ti årene er mer enn 20 nye biearter påvist i Norge som følge av omfattende kartlegging. Totalt har vi nå registrert 206 ulike biearter i Norge. Disse inkluderer tambia, Apis melifera, 35 humlearter og 170 andre arter av villbier. Det som bekymrer er imidlertid at på tross av dette kunnskapsløftet, er fortsatt 12 av artene våre ikke gjenfunnet. Det betyr at disse med stor sannsynlighet har forsvunnet for godt.

I 2008 gikk NINA ut i Aftenposten med den dystre nyheten om at 14 villbier og ei humle kan være utdødd fra Norge. Nå viser det seg at to av disse artene opprinnelig var feilbestemt, mens slåttehumla svært gledelig ble gjenfunnet i 2010 etter nærmere 60 års fravær i Norge.

De siste fem årene har vi drevet omfattende kartlegging av bier og humler i Norge, blant annet gjennom Artsdatabankens Artsprosjektet, noe som har medført at datagrunnlaget og sikkerheten i kunnskapen har økt betydelig. Likevel mangler nyere funn av hele 12 arter. Ytterligere 7 arter er kun kjent fra en enkelt lokalitet. Gjennom oppfølging av handlingsplaner har det også kommet fram at andre av våre mest spesialiserte biearter, som rødknappsandbia, Andrena hattorfiana, går en svært usikkert framtid i møte. Denne finnes nå kun på tre steder hvorav to av lokalitetene har kritisk lave bestand. Når mangfoldet av bier reduseres, kan dette ramme både matproduksjon og andre arter som er avhengig av biene.

rødknappsandbie

Rødknappsandbie, Andrena hattorfiana, finnes i dag bare på tre steder i Norge. Bestandene ved Grimstad og i Halden er kritisk små, men bestanden ved Sessvollmoen fortsatt ser ut til å klare seg rimelig bra. Foto: Agne Ødegaard.

 

Biene mangler mat og hjem

Det er mange årsaker til at biene forsvinner. Det er først og fremst snakk om de store landskapsendringene som har funnet sted de siste 100 årene med intensivering av jordbruket på den ene siden og gjengroing av landbruksarealer på den andre siden. Dette har ført til at kvaliteten på både reirområder og matkilder (dvs blomsterenger med bievennlige planter) har blitt redusert. I tillegg har vi liten kunnskap om hvordan kjemiske miljøgifter påvirker villbiene. Når biene sliter, blir de også mer utsatt for klimaendringer, parasitter og sykdommer som til slutt kan ta knekken på bestandene.

Slik kan du hjelpe biene

Vi ser i dag økt fokus på viktigheten av bier og humler, og mange gode initiativ er satt i gang for å bevare arter og øke bestander. Og faktisk er det slik at mange av disse artene trives godt i hagen. Med litt tilrettelegging kan du bedre forholdene for mange av dem.

Ta vare på, eller plant ut viktige bieplanter som for eksempel erteplanter, kurvplanter og blåklokker. Og det er viktig å bevare seljetrærne som blomstrer om våren. I tillegg bør du unngå å sprøyte med insektgifter. Gift dreper nemlig ikke bare skadedyrene, men også nyttedyrene. Du kan også legge til rette for å lage reirplasser både gjennom å sette ut biehoteller, humlekasser og å sette av sørvendte, solrike tørrbakker med sandjord der de markboende biene kan hekke. Og hvorfor ikke sette av halve gressplenen til blomstereng? Det er både vakkert og se på og mindre arbeid å holde i orden.

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